مطالعه تطبیقی الگوی حکمرانی صوت‌وتصویر فراگیر در روسیه، ترکیه و کره جنوبی

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه مدیریت رسانه، دانشکده مدیریت، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

2 استاد، گروه مدیریت بازرگانی، دانشکده مدیریت، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

3 دانشیار، گروه علوم ارتباطات، واحد تهران مرکز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.

4 دانشیار، گروه مدیریت بازرگانی، دانشکده مدیریت، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

هدف: هم‏گرایی فناوری، اکوسیستم صوت‌وتصویر فراگیر را تغییر داده است. اکنون، شاهد عرصه متفاوتی از صوت‌وتصویر فراگیر متشکل از دولت‌ها و بخش خصوصیِ داخلی و بین‌المللی هستیم؛ از این رو  به چارچوبی مختص حکمرانی صوت‌وتصویر فراگیر در ادبیات نیاز داریم تا از طریق آن، بتوانیم الگوی صوت‌وتصویر فراگیری را برای کشورمان طراحی کنیم. توجه به حکمرانی کشورهای متفاوت در این عرصه و تجربه آن‌ها، به طراحی الگوی مناسب برای کشورمان کمک می‏کند.
روش: این پژوهش با مطالعات تطبیقی انجام شده است. جمع‌آوری داده به‌صورت اسنادی بوده است که بر اساس یکی از چارچوب‌های حکمرانی رسانه، الگوی حکمرانی صوت‌وتصویر فراگیر، در سه کشور از سه منطقه متفاوت، یعنی روسیه در اوراسیا، ترکیه از خاورمیانه و کره جنوبی از شرق آسیا بررسی شده است.
یافته‌ها: بررسی‌های انجام‌شده نشان می‌دهد که هر سه کشور الگوی حکمرانی رسانه هم‏گرا را پذیرفته‌اند و در صوت‌وتصویر فراگیر، بیشتر به حکمرانی از بالا به پایین گرایش دارند و رسانه‌ها در محدوده توقعات دولت و بازار رفتار می‌کنند.
نتیجه‌گیری: مطالعه تطبیقی نشان داد که در تفاوت بین حکمرانی رسانه و حکمرانی صوت‌وتصویر فراگیر، پیشنهاد می‏شود که در چارچوب حکمرانی صوت‌وتصویر فراگیر نظام تنظیمگری متمرکز، حکمرانی در سطح منطقه‌ای در نظر گرفته شود. همچنین بازار، کاربران و نظام اجتماعی فرهنگی، به ذی‏نفعان چارچوب حکمرانی اضافه شود. با توجه به تجربه سایر کشورها، هم‏گرایی در تنظیمگری برای ایران مفید است و همچنین باید در تنظیمگری، به‌سمت مشارکت و خودتنظیمی حرکت کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Comparative Study of Audiovisual Governance Frameworks in Russia, Turkey and South Korea

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mansoureh Akhavan 1
  • Taher Roshandel Arbatani 2
  • Seyed Vahid Aqili 3
  • Datis Khajeheian 4
1 Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Media Management, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Prof., Department of Business Management, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
3 Associate Prof., Department of Communication Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
4 Associate Prof., Department of Business Management, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Objective
Each country has a different model of media governance based on its political structure. In the early days of radio and television, these media were typically controlled by the state due to high production and distribution costs. Private actors were limited to a few capitalists in each country. However, media technological convergence has changed the landscape, allowing new and small players to enter the industry at a low cost. Even strict regulations have become ineffective against user-oriented content production sites such as YouTube. Therefore, studying different countries' media governance models and experiences, regardless of their press systems, can help in developing new models for other countries.
Methods
This research employed a comparative research approach. Data collection was conducted using the documentary method. Based on a media governance framework, this study examined the inclusive audiovisual governance models of three countries: Russia in Eurasia, Turkey in the Middle East, and South Korea in East Asia. These countries were selected due to their development efforts in the field of media, especially audiovisual media. The main components of this framework were the governance mode, institutions, geographic level of policymaking, stakeholders, regulatory mechanisms, and policymaking results. This framework is advantageous as it considers the country's political system and governance within the framework.
Results
The findings indicate that most countries traditionally employed a top-down governance model in this field but have recently started shifting towards participatory governance models. The economic system plays a crucial role in the media governance model, and considering the costs involved in the media industry and the decrease in government control, the market has assumed a key role. It is important to note that just as the political system can threaten media pluralism, the market can also undermine it. Governments have recognized the convergence of media and have established formal regulatory institutions to ensure effective governance in this context. The political power of countries, both internally and externally, influences the role of the government in media governance. Countries like Russia, with significant internal and external political power, minimize the likelihood of transnational interventions in media governance. However, governments like Turkey, which seek membership in organizations like the European Union, must adhere to transnational regulations. Nevertheless, it should be acknowledged that in today's global society, the absence of transnational interventions is no longer feasible. Additionally, the analysis of these countries reveals that governments are hesitant to delegate media regulation authority to their federal sub-communities, considering it a matter of national jurisdiction.
Conclusion
The comparative study highlights the importance of considering the regional level and a centralized regulatory system in the framework for media governance and audiovisual governance differences. Furthermore, the stakeholders of the governance framework should include the market, users, and social and cultural systems. Based on the experiences of other countries, regulatory convergence is beneficial for Iran, and a shift towards co-regulation and self-regulation is recommended.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Governance
  • Media
  • Comparative study
  • Russia
  • Turkey
  • South Korea

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مدیریت دولتی
دوره 15، شماره 2
1402
صفحه 258-292

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