The Effect of Leader-member Exchange on Organizational Envy (Case of Study: A Survey on Iran's Melli Bank's Staff)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Prof., Department of Organizational Behavior and Human Resources Management, Faculty of Management, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Prof., Department of Organizational Behavior and Human Resources Management, Faculty of Management, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran

3 M.Sc Student, Department of Human Resources Management, Faculty of Management, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Objective: The survival of today's organizations in the competitive business environment requires recognizing factors affecting productivity. On one hand, improving the relationship between the leader and his followers has a significant role in improving the efficiency of the organization; on the other hand, the existence of envy at the workplace is one of the intangible factors affecting labor productivity and the productivity of the organization in general. This study aims at investigating the effect of the Leader-follower exchange on organizational envy, therefore, it is practical in nature, and based on the research question, the present study is considered exploratory in the first stage and hypothesis-deductive in the second stage.
Methods: This study will be conducted based on mixed approach. The first stage of this study is to identify the dimensions of organizational envy and the impact of the leader-follower exchange on such envy, as well as to identify the factors for improving the relationship between the leader and the follower through the means of interviewing and collecting qualitative data. The second step is to verify the data collected in the first stage using a questionnaire. Statistical population of the research is the staff of the Iran's Melli bank. Required data will be gathered through interviews and then will be analyzed through theme analysis and factor analysis using SPSS software.
Results: Qualitative research findings identified components of organizational envy and two reasons for eliminating the reasons for improving the relationship between leader and member such as omitting organizational envy reasons and reforming the reasons of forming the inner-group itself. Moreover, the quantitative findings approved the proposed hypothesis in the qualitative section.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the leader-member exchange of some people with their supervisor, affects the organizational envy of others. Also, leaders can improve their relationship with their followers by eliminating the reasons for organizational envy and modifying the reasons of forming the inner-group.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

References
Barclay, L. J., & Kiefer, T. (2014). Daily experiences of justice: A within-person, dynamic, and event-based perspective. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2014(1), 10166.
Bell, C. M., Quratulain, S., & Khan, A. (2014). Episodic envy and counterproductive work behaviors: Is more justice always good. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(1), 128-144.
Breevaart, K., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Heuvel, M. (2015). Leader-member exchange, work engagement, and job performance. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(7), 754-770.
Canen, G. A., Canen, A. (2012). Challenging envy in organizations: multicultural approaches and possibilities.Business Strategy Series, 13(5), 199-207.
Castellanos, D. (2015). The Ordinary Envy of Aguabuena People: Revisiting Universalistic Ideas from Local Entanglements. Anthropology and Humanism, 40(1), 20-34.
Casu, G. (2015). Envy: A Psychometric Refinement of the Construct, with the supervision: Paola Gremigni. University of Bologna, doctor of philosophy, Psychological Sciences
Celse, J. (2010). Sketching Envy: From philosophy to psychology, LAMETA. DT-2010-22. Dijon, France: Dijon Business School.
Chen, Y., Yu, E., & Son, J. (2014). Beyond leader–member exchange (LMX) differentiation: An indigenous approach to leader–member relationship differentiation. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(3), 611-627.
Cohen-Charash, Y., Mueller, J. (2007). Does Perceived Unfairness Exacerbate or Mitigate Interpersonal Counterproductive Work Behaviors Related to Envy.Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3), 666-680.
Deluga, J. R. (1994). Supervisor trust building, leader-member exchange and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 67, 315-326.
Demirates, O. T., Hannah, S., Gok, K., Arsalan, A., & Capar, N. (2015). The Moderated Influence of Ethical Leadership, Via Meaningful Work, on Followers’ Engagement, Organizational Identification, and Envy. Journal of Business Ethics, (1), 1-17.
Duffy, M. K., Shaw, D. J. (2000). The Salieri Syndrome: Consequences of Envy in Groups. Small Group Research, 31(1), 3-23.
Duffy, M., Scott, L. K., Shaw, D. J., Tepper, J. B., & Aquino, K. (2012). A Social Context Model of Envy and Social Undermining. Academy of Management Journal, 55(3), 643–666.
Erdil, O., Müceldili, B.(2014). The Effects of Envy on Job Engagement and Turnover Intention. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150, 447 – 454.
Floyd, T. M., Hoogland, C. E., & Smith, R. H. (2016). The role of leaders in managing envy and its consequences for competition in organizations. Leadership lessons from compelling contexts.Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 8, 129-156.
Gholipor, A. & Mohammad Esmaeili, N. (2015). Identification of challenges in organizational culture management and presenting methods of managing in Holdings. Public Management Research, 43-70. (in Persian)
Gu, Q., Tang, T.L.P., Jiang, W. (2015). Does Moral Leadership Enhance Employee Creativity? Employee Identification with Leader and Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) in the Chinese Context. Journal of Business Ethics, 126(3), 513-529.
Kemp, S. & Bolle, F. (2013). Are egalitarian preferences based on envy? The Journal of Socio-Economics, 45, 57-63.
Kets de Vries, M. (1992). The Motivating role of Envy: A Forgotten factor in Management Theory. Administration & Society, 24(1), 44-60.
Kim, E. & Glomb, T. M. (2014). Victimization of high performers: The roles of envy and work group identification. Journal of applied psychology, 99(4), 619-634.
Kim, S., Jung, D., & Lee, J. (2013). Service employees’ deviant behaviors and leader–member exchange in contexts of dispositional envy and dispositional jealousy. Service Business, 7(4), 583-602.
Kim, S., O’Neill, J. W., & Cho, H. M. (2010). When does an employee not help coworkers? The effect of leader–member exchange on employee envy and organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(3), 530-537.
Lange, J. & Crusius, J. (2015). The tango of two deadly sins: The social-functional relation of envy and pride. Journal of personality and social psychology, 109(3), 453-472.
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., & Sparrowe, R. T. (2000). An examination of the mediating role of psychological empowerment on the relations between the job, interpersonal relationships, and work outcomes. Journal of applied psychology, 85(3), 407-416.
Lindsey Hall, K. K., Baker, T. L., Andrews, M. C., Hunt, T. G., & Rapp, A. A. (2016). The Importance of Product/Service Quality for Frontline Marketing Employee Outcomes: The Moderating Effect of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX). Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 24(1), 23-41.
Lunenburg, F.C. (2010). Leader-member exchange theory: Another perspective on the leadership process. International journal of management, business and administration, 13(1), 1-5.
Momeni, M. & Faalghayoomi, A. (2008). Statistical analysis using SPSS. (Second edition). New book publisher. (in Persian)
Nandedkar, A.P. (2011). Examining the Knowledge Sharing and Uncivil Behavior of Envious Employees: An Affective Events Theory Perspective: University of Texas Pan American, with the supervision: Linda Matthews. University of Texas--Pan American, Doctor of Philosophy, Business Administration.
Odle, T. (2014). The Implications of Distance and Envy in Organizations: An Exploration of Leader-Member Exchange and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Bachelor of Arts.
Özkoç, A., Çalışkan, N. (2015). The Impact of Organizational Envy on Organizational Climate Created among Employees: An Application in Accommodation Enterprises. International Journal of Business and Management, 10(1), 40-49.
Parrott, W. G., & Smith, R. H. (1993). Distinguishing the experiences of envy and jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(6), 906-920.
Patient, D., Lawrence, T.B., Maitlis, S. (2003). Understanding Workplace Envy through Narrative Fiction. Organization Studies, 24(7), 1015–1044.
Robbins, S. P., A. Judge, T. (2013). Organizational behavior. United States of America: Prentice Hall.
Rockstuhl, T., Dulebohn, J. H., Ang, S., & Shore, L. M. (2012). Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) and Culture: A Meta-Analysis of Correlates of LMX across 23 Countries. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(6), 1097-1130.
Schriesheim, A.C., Castro, L.S., Cogliser, C. C. (1999). Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Research: A Comprehensive Review of Theory, Measurment, And Data-Analytic Practices. The Leadership Quarterly, 10(1), 63-113.
Scroggins, J. B. (2016). Combined influence of personality and leader member exchange on task and citizenship performance. The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Degree of Master of Science, Psychology.
Smith, R. H. (1991). Envy and the sense of injustice. In P. Salovey (Ed.), The psychology of jealousy and envy (pp. 79-99). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
Smith, R. H., Kim, S. H., & Parrott, W. G. (1988). Envy and jealousy semantic problems and experiential distinctions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14(2), 401-409.
Tai, K., Narayanan, J., & McAllister, D. (2012). Envy as Pain: Rethinking the Nature of Envy and its Implications for Employees and Organizations. Academy of Management Review, 37(1), 107-129.
Vecchio, R. P. (2000). Negative emotion in the workplace: Employee jealousy and envy. International Journal of Stress Management, 7(3), 161-179.
Ven, N., Hoogland, E. C., Smith, H.R., van Dijk, W.W., Breugelmans, M.S., & Zeelenberg, M. (2015). When envy leads to schadenfreude. Cognition and Emotion, 29(6), 1007-1025.
Volmer, J., Spurk, D., & Niessen, C. (2012). Leader–member exchange (LMX), job autonomy, and creative work involvement. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(3), 456-465.
 
 
 
References
Barclay, L. J., & Kiefer, T. (2014). Daily experiences of justice: A within-person, dynamic, and event-based perspective. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2014(1), 10166.
Bell, C. M., Quratulain, S., & Khan, A. (2014). Episodic envy and counterproductive work behaviors: Is more justice always good. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(1), 128-144.
Breevaart, K., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Heuvel, M. (2015). Leader-member exchange, work engagement, and job performance. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(7), 754-770.
Canen, G. A., Canen, A. (2012). Challenging envy in organizations: multicultural approaches and possibilities.Business Strategy Series, 13(5), 199-207.
Castellanos, D. (2015). The Ordinary Envy of Aguabuena People: Revisiting Universalistic Ideas from Local Entanglements. Anthropology and Humanism, 40(1), 20-34.
Casu, G. (2015). Envy: A Psychometric Refinement of the Construct, with the supervision: Paola Gremigni. University of Bologna, doctor of philosophy, Psychological Sciences
Celse, J. (2010). Sketching Envy: From philosophy to psychology, LAMETA. DT-2010-22. Dijon, France: Dijon Business School.
Chen, Y., Yu, E., & Son, J. (2014). Beyond leader–member exchange (LMX) differentiation: An indigenous approach to leader–member relationship differentiation. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(3), 611-627.
Cohen-Charash, Y., Mueller, J. (2007). Does Perceived Unfairness Exacerbate or Mitigate Interpersonal Counterproductive Work Behaviors Related to Envy.Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3), 666-680.
Deluga, J. R. (1994). Supervisor trust building, leader-member exchange and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 67, 315-326.
Demirates, O. T., Hannah, S., Gok, K., Arsalan, A., & Capar, N. (2015). The Moderated Influence of Ethical Leadership, Via Meaningful Work, on Followers’ Engagement, Organizational Identification, and Envy. Journal of Business Ethics, (1), 1-17.
Duffy, M. K., Shaw, D. J. (2000). The Salieri Syndrome: Consequences of Envy in Groups. Small Group Research, 31(1), 3-23.
Duffy, M., Scott, L. K., Shaw, D. J., Tepper, J. B., & Aquino, K. (2012). A Social Context Model of Envy and Social Undermining. Academy of Management Journal, 55(3), 643–666.
Erdil, O., Müceldili, B.(2014). The Effects of Envy on Job Engagement and Turnover Intention. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150,447 – 454.
Floyd, T. M., Hoogland, C. E., & Smith, R. H. (2016). The role of leaders in managing envy and its consequences for competition in organizations. Leadership lessons from compelling contexts.Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 8, 129-156.
Gholipor, A. & Mohammad Esmaeili, N. (2015). Identification of challenges in organizational culture management and presenting methods of managing in Holdings. Public Management Research, 43-70. (in Persian)
Gu, Q., Tang, T.L.P., Jiang, W. (2015). Does Moral Leadership Enhance Employee Creativity? Employee Identification with Leader and Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) in the Chinese Context. Journal of Business Ethics, 126(3), 513-529.
Kemp, S. & Bolle, F. (2013). Are egalitarian preferences based on envy? The Journal of Socio-Economics, 45, 57-63.
Kets de Vries, M. (1992). The Motivating role of Envy: A Forgotten factor in Management Theory. Administration & Society, 24(1), 44-60.
Kim, E. & Glomb, T. M. (2014). Victimization of high performers: The roles of envy and work group identification. Journal of applied psychology, 99(4), 619-634.
Kim, S., Jung, D., & Lee, J. (2013). Service employees’ deviant behaviors and leader–member exchange in contexts of dispositional envy and dispositional jealousy. Service Business, 7(4), 583-602.
Kim, S., O’Neill, J. W., & Cho, H. M. (2010). When does an employee not help coworkers? The effect of leader–member exchange on employee envy and organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(3), 530-537.
Lange, J. & Crusius, J. (2015). The tango of two deadly sins: The social-functional relation of envy and pride. Journal of personality and social psychology, 109(3), 453-472.
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., & Sparrowe, R. T. (2000). An examination of the mediating role of psychological empowerment on the relations between the job, interpersonal relationships, and work outcomes. Journal of applied psychology, 85(3), 407-416.
Lindsey Hall, K. K., Baker, T. L., Andrews, M. C., Hunt, T. G., & Rapp, A. A. (2016). The Importance of Product/Service Quality for Frontline Marketing Employee Outcomes: The Moderating Effect of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX). Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 24(1), 23-41.
Lunenburg, F.C. (2010). Leader-member exchange theory: Another perspective on the leadership process. International journal of management, business and administration, 13(1), 1-5.
Momeni, M. & Faalghayoomi, A. (2008). Statistical analysis using SPSS. (Second edition). New book publisher. (in Persian)
Nandedkar, A.P. (2011). Examining the Knowledge Sharing and Uncivil Behavior of Envious Employees: An Affective Events Theory Perspective: University of Texas Pan American, with the supervision: Linda Matthews. University of Texas--Pan American, Doctor of Philosophy, Business Administration.
Odle, T. (2014). The Implications of Distance and Envy in Organizations: An Exploration of Leader-Member Exchange and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Bachelor of Arts.
Özkoç, A., Çalışkan, N. (2015). The Impact of Organizational Envy on Organizational Climate Created among Employees: An Application in Accommodation Enterprises. International Journal of Business and Management, 10(1), 40-49.
Parrott, W. G., & Smith, R. H. (1993). Distinguishing the experiences of envy and jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(6), 906-920.
Patient, D., Lawrence, T.B., Maitlis, S. (2003). Understanding Workplace Envy through Narrative Fiction. Organization Studies, 24(7), 1015–1044.
Robbins, S. P., A. Judge, T. (2013). Organizational behavior. United States of America: Prentice Hall.
Rockstuhl, T., Dulebohn, J. H., Ang, S., & Shore, L. M. (2012). Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) and Culture: A Meta-Analysis of Correlates of LMX across 23 Countries. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(6), 1097-1130.
Schriesheim, A.C., Castro, L.S., Cogliser, C. C. (1999). Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Research: A Comprehensive Review of Theory, Measurment, And Data-Analytic Practices. The Leadership Quarterly, 10(1), 63-113.
Scroggins, J. B. (2016). Combined influence of personality and leader member exchange on task and citizenship performance. The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Degree of Master of Science, Psychology.
Smith, R. H. (1991). Envy and the sense of injustice. In P. Salovey (Ed.), The psychology of jealousy and envy (pp. 79-99). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
Smith, R. H., Kim, S. H., & Parrott, W. G. (1988). Envy and jealousy semantic problems and experiential distinctions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14(2), 401-409.
Tai, K., Narayanan, J., & McAllister, D. (2012). Envy as Pain: Rethinking the Nature of Envy and its Implications for Employees and Organizations. Academy of Management Review, 37(1), 107-129.
Vecchio, R. P. (2000). Negative emotion in the workplace: Employee jealousy and envy. International Journal of Stress Management, 7(3), 161-179.
Ven, N., Hoogland, E. C., Smith, H.R., van Dijk, W.W., Breugelmans, M.S., & Zeelenberg, M. (2015). When envy leads to schadenfreude. Cognition and Emotion, 29(6), 1007-1025.
Volmer, J., Spurk, D., & Niessen, C. (2012). Leader–member exchange (LMX), job autonomy, and creative work involvement. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(3), 456-465.
 
 
 
 
Journal of Public Administration
Volume 10, Issue 3
2018
Pages 415-442

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