Univrsity Of Tehran PressJournal of Public Administration2008-587710320180923Pathology of the Implementation of Privatization Policies in IranPathology of the Implementation of Privatization Policies in Iran3333566583210.22059/jipa.2018.256015.2254FAMoeinPoorahmadiM.Sc Student, Department of Public Organizations Management, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0009-0001-6796-6032MajidMokhtarianpourAssistant Prof., Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-6822-7955TahmoresHasangholipor YasoryProf., Department of Business Management, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-9097-3644Journal Article20180416<strong>Objective:</strong>Privatization is considered as one of the most important components of new public management with its pros and cons. However, privatization has been accepted and implemented as a policy in the whole political and economic system of Iran, but the barriers and dysfunctions of privatization policy implementation has reduced its effectiveness and efficiency in solving the problems of the Iran. In order to address this issue, this paper seeks to identify the barriers of successful implementation of privatization in Iran.
<strong>Methods:</strong> This research has been carried out using thematic analysis method and the data were collected using semi-structured interviews with specialists, managers and experts in the field of privatization, who were selected through snowball sampling method.
<strong>Results:</strong> Data analysis resulted in the formation of 218 primary codes, 94 sub-themes and 15 main themes including: inefficient and unproductive transfer mechanisms, structural weaknesses and low private sector incentives and power, inappropriate supply and demand mechanism, weak evaluation mechanism, lack of prospective views, cultural weaknesses, psychological weaknesses, capitalist logic, poor financial support to the private sector, indiscipline of public financial policies, the activity and dominance of quasi-governmental organizations in the economy, non-competitive environment of the national economy, excessive governmental intervention in the economy, the inappropriate formulation and implementation of laws and regulations, lack of alignment in the decisions and actions of responsible Institutions.
<strong>Conclusion:</strong> Despite many efforts, the incomplete, non-scientific and politically-driven implementation of privatization in Iran has led to the decline of its benefits and intensification of its disadvantages to the country.<strong>Objective:</strong>Privatization is considered as one of the most important components of new public management with its pros and cons. However, privatization has been accepted and implemented as a policy in the whole political and economic system of Iran, but the barriers and dysfunctions of privatization policy implementation has reduced its effectiveness and efficiency in solving the problems of the Iran. In order to address this issue, this paper seeks to identify the barriers of successful implementation of privatization in Iran.
<strong>Methods:</strong> This research has been carried out using thematic analysis method and the data were collected using semi-structured interviews with specialists, managers and experts in the field of privatization, who were selected through snowball sampling method.
<strong>Results:</strong> Data analysis resulted in the formation of 218 primary codes, 94 sub-themes and 15 main themes including: inefficient and unproductive transfer mechanisms, structural weaknesses and low private sector incentives and power, inappropriate supply and demand mechanism, weak evaluation mechanism, lack of prospective views, cultural weaknesses, psychological weaknesses, capitalist logic, poor financial support to the private sector, indiscipline of public financial policies, the activity and dominance of quasi-governmental organizations in the economy, non-competitive environment of the national economy, excessive governmental intervention in the economy, the inappropriate formulation and implementation of laws and regulations, lack of alignment in the decisions and actions of responsible Institutions.
<strong>Conclusion:</strong> Despite many efforts, the incomplete, non-scientific and politically-driven implementation of privatization in Iran has led to the decline of its benefits and intensification of its disadvantages to the country.https://jipa.ut.ac.ir/article_65832_e13858e9491e674d1a5140c0bd4eb9c4.pdfUnivrsity Of Tehran PressJournal of Public Administration2008-587710320180923The Study of Critical Realism Implications in Evaluation of Science, Technology and Innovation Policy MakingThe Study of Critical Realism Implications in Evaluation of Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Making3573866683610.22059/jipa.2018.228753.2002FAPeymanMohammadiPhD., Department of Science and Technology Policy-making, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranHasanDanaeefardProf., Department of Public Administration and Public Policy-Making, Faculty of Management and Economics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-1805-7323Mohammad MahdiZolfagharzadeAssistant Prof., Department of Public Administration and Policy-Making, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-6803-4616Journal Article20170510<strong>Objective</strong><strong>:</strong> The purpose of this study is to identify and extract the implications of critical realism for science, technology and innovation policy-making as one of the later research traditions in social sciences. Nevertheless, its main focus, according to the different stages of the policy-making cycle and extent of its contributing factors, is on the stage of "policy evaluation". <br /><strong>Methods</strong><strong>:</strong> This research has been conducted based on the methodology of implication-research studies. In implication-research studies which are common in social sciences, researchers try to find implications from a social philosophy, framework, theory and or a model for their professional or specialized discipline. Accordingly, the authors first identified and extracted the elements of critical realism (emphasizing Roy Bhaskar's critical realism) and verified them consulting experts of the social sciences and philosophy of the method. Then, the implications of these elements have been extracted for the stage of evaluation of the science, technology and innovation policy and have been verified and confirmed by interdisciplinaryexperts. <br /><strong>Results</strong><strong>:</strong> The implications found in the current research showed that critical realism can be useful both in previous evaluations in which counterfactual investigations cannot be done based on deductive and inductive methods and in the future evaluations where the analysis of the relationship between the goal and the tool requires transformation with an emphasize on institutions such as meaning system. In addition, critical realism is also effective in completing the prescriptive part of the later approaches of science, technology, and innovation policy-making (such as innovation system), which are often conceptual and descriptive frameworks. <br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><strong>:</strong> Critical realism approach, at the same time, can help both the "explanatory" and the "prescriptive" aspects of the innovation system. The latter is more important because, according to some theorists of innovation system, this framework has serious gaps in this regard. <br /> <strong>Objective</strong><strong>:</strong> The purpose of this study is to identify and extract the implications of critical realism for science, technology and innovation policy-making as one of the later research traditions in social sciences. Nevertheless, its main focus, according to the different stages of the policy-making cycle and extent of its contributing factors, is on the stage of "policy evaluation". <br /><strong>Methods</strong><strong>:</strong> This research has been conducted based on the methodology of implication-research studies. In implication-research studies which are common in social sciences, researchers try to find implications from a social philosophy, framework, theory and or a model for their professional or specialized discipline. Accordingly, the authors first identified and extracted the elements of critical realism (emphasizing Roy Bhaskar's critical realism) and verified them consulting experts of the social sciences and philosophy of the method. Then, the implications of these elements have been extracted for the stage of evaluation of the science, technology and innovation policy and have been verified and confirmed by interdisciplinaryexperts. <br /><strong>Results</strong><strong>:</strong> The implications found in the current research showed that critical realism can be useful both in previous evaluations in which counterfactual investigations cannot be done based on deductive and inductive methods and in the future evaluations where the analysis of the relationship between the goal and the tool requires transformation with an emphasize on institutions such as meaning system. In addition, critical realism is also effective in completing the prescriptive part of the later approaches of science, technology, and innovation policy-making (such as innovation system), which are often conceptual and descriptive frameworks. <br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><strong>:</strong> Critical realism approach, at the same time, can help both the "explanatory" and the "prescriptive" aspects of the innovation system. The latter is more important because, according to some theorists of innovation system, this framework has serious gaps in this regard. <br /> https://jipa.ut.ac.ir/article_66836_6da3fa997dd4b2a47eb46d16a10c8592.pdfUnivrsity Of Tehran PressJournal of Public Administration2008-587710320180923Content Analysis of the Articles Published in the Journal of Public Administration in University of TehranContent Analysis of the Articles Published in the Journal of Public Administration in University of Tehran3874146803710.22059/jipa.2018.265121.2359FAHosseinImaniPhD. Candidate, Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0009-0000-3235-4522AmirhosseinAbdollahzadehPhD Candidate, Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranAli AsgharPourezzatProf., Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.0000-0002-1875-3479Journal Article20180916<strong>Objective</strong><strong>:</strong> In this research, we are going to analyze the content of articles published in “Journal of Public Administration” dependent to University of Tehran as a prominent journal in the field of public administration in Iran.
<strong>Methods</strong><strong>:</strong> The research method applied in this research is content analysis and the statistical population is 291 articles published in the Journal of Public Administration dependent to University of Tehran between 2008 and 2018. There is no sampling in this research and all the paper have been scrutinized through census.
<strong>Results</strong><strong>:</strong> By scanning each article, the contents of all the articles including number of published articles, gender, Scientific rank, discipline and the authors’ interests, participating universities and organization, statistical population, approach, type, analytical level, strategy and time horizon of articles, type of the data and date collection method were analyzed.
<strong>Conclusion</strong><strong>:</strong> The results showed that 291 articles were published in the journal from 2008 to the spring of 2018 and most of them were written by male authors entitled as assistant professors who have studied public administration and dependent to University of Tehran. Also, many of the articles were about organizational behavior and human resources management, the statistical population of articles was mainly organizations and public sector. Moreover, the results showed that many of the articles were cross-sectional and quantitative and they were mostly applied in nature. Besides, their analytical level and strategy were individual and survey respectively. And the data were primitive and the questionnaires were the main data collection method.<strong>Objective</strong><strong>:</strong> In this research, we are going to analyze the content of articles published in “Journal of Public Administration” dependent to University of Tehran as a prominent journal in the field of public administration in Iran.
<strong>Methods</strong><strong>:</strong> The research method applied in this research is content analysis and the statistical population is 291 articles published in the Journal of Public Administration dependent to University of Tehran between 2008 and 2018. There is no sampling in this research and all the paper have been scrutinized through census.
<strong>Results</strong><strong>:</strong> By scanning each article, the contents of all the articles including number of published articles, gender, Scientific rank, discipline and the authors’ interests, participating universities and organization, statistical population, approach, type, analytical level, strategy and time horizon of articles, type of the data and date collection method were analyzed.
<strong>Conclusion</strong><strong>:</strong> The results showed that 291 articles were published in the journal from 2008 to the spring of 2018 and most of them were written by male authors entitled as assistant professors who have studied public administration and dependent to University of Tehran. Also, many of the articles were about organizational behavior and human resources management, the statistical population of articles was mainly organizations and public sector. Moreover, the results showed that many of the articles were cross-sectional and quantitative and they were mostly applied in nature. Besides, their analytical level and strategy were individual and survey respectively. And the data were primitive and the questionnaires were the main data collection method.https://jipa.ut.ac.ir/article_68037_b3564338ab206300ac57c471505d65d1.pdfUnivrsity Of Tehran PressJournal of Public Administration2008-587710320180923The Effect of Leader-member Exchange on Organizational Envy (Case of Study: A Survey on Iran's Melli Bank's Staff)The Effect of Leader-member Exchange on Organizational Envy (Case of Study: A Survey on Iran's Melli Bank's Staff)4154426804210.22059/jipa.2018.262557.2324FAAryanGholipourProf., Department of Organizational Behavior and Human Resources Management, Faculty of Management, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-1962-3665NedaMohammadesmaeiliAssistant Prof., Department of Organizational Behavior and Human Resources Management, Faculty of Management, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-7786-9108FaribaParsaM.Sc Student, Department of Human Resources Management, Faculty of Management, Tehran University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20180820<strong>Objective: </strong>The survival of today's organizations in the competitive business environment requires recognizing factors affecting productivity. On one hand, improving the relationship between the leader and his followers has a significant role in improving the efficiency of the organization; on the other hand, the existence of envy at the workplace is one of the intangible factors affecting labor productivity and the productivity of the organization in general. This study aims at investigating the effect of the Leader-follower exchange on organizational envy, therefore, it is practical in nature, and based on the research question, the present study is considered exploratory in the first stage and hypothesis-deductive in the second stage. <br /><strong>Methods: </strong>This study will be conducted based on mixed approach. The first stage of this study is to identify the dimensions of organizational envy and the impact of the leader-follower exchange on such envy, as well as to identify the factors for improving the relationship between the leader and the follower through the means of interviewing and collecting qualitative data. The second step is to verify the data collected in the first stage using a questionnaire. Statistical population of the research is the staff of the Iran's Melli bank. Required data will be gathered through interviews and then will be analyzed through theme analysis and factor analysis using SPSS software. <br /><strong>Results: </strong>Qualitative research findings identified components of organizational envy and two reasons for eliminating the reasons for improving the relationship between leader and member such as omitting organizational envy reasons and reforming the reasons of forming the inner-group itself. Moreover, the quantitative findings approved the proposed hypothesis in the qualitative section. <br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of this study showed that the leader-member exchange of some people with their supervisor, affects the organizational envy of others. Also, leaders can improve their relationship with their followers by eliminating the reasons for organizational envy and modifying the reasons of forming the inner-group.<strong>Objective: </strong>The survival of today's organizations in the competitive business environment requires recognizing factors affecting productivity. On one hand, improving the relationship between the leader and his followers has a significant role in improving the efficiency of the organization; on the other hand, the existence of envy at the workplace is one of the intangible factors affecting labor productivity and the productivity of the organization in general. This study aims at investigating the effect of the Leader-follower exchange on organizational envy, therefore, it is practical in nature, and based on the research question, the present study is considered exploratory in the first stage and hypothesis-deductive in the second stage. <br /><strong>Methods: </strong>This study will be conducted based on mixed approach. The first stage of this study is to identify the dimensions of organizational envy and the impact of the leader-follower exchange on such envy, as well as to identify the factors for improving the relationship between the leader and the follower through the means of interviewing and collecting qualitative data. The second step is to verify the data collected in the first stage using a questionnaire. Statistical population of the research is the staff of the Iran's Melli bank. Required data will be gathered through interviews and then will be analyzed through theme analysis and factor analysis using SPSS software. <br /><strong>Results: </strong>Qualitative research findings identified components of organizational envy and two reasons for eliminating the reasons for improving the relationship between leader and member such as omitting organizational envy reasons and reforming the reasons of forming the inner-group itself. Moreover, the quantitative findings approved the proposed hypothesis in the qualitative section. <br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of this study showed that the leader-member exchange of some people with their supervisor, affects the organizational envy of others. Also, leaders can improve their relationship with their followers by eliminating the reasons for organizational envy and modifying the reasons of forming the inner-group.https://jipa.ut.ac.ir/article_68042_e6918c22b35e965bc5f83e6cde9379db.pdfUnivrsity Of Tehran PressJournal of Public Administration2008-587710320180923The Pathological Study of the Governmental Press Industry and Identification of Their Ecosystem Aspects in Accordance with the New Media EnvironmentThe Pathological Study of the Governmental Press Industry and Identification of Their Ecosystem Aspects in Accordance with the New Media Environment4434586735010.22059/jipa.2018.261497.2306FAAsgharNematiPh.D. Candidate, Department of Media Management, Faculty of Management, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, IranBahramAlishiriAssistant Prof., Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, IranTaherRoshandel ArbataniProf., Department of Media Management, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.0000-0002-7826-9208NaserAzadAssistant Prof., Department of Media Management, Faculty of Management, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, IranJournal Article20180705<strong>Objective:</strong> This research has been conducted so as to use the Porter Five Competitive Model and to obtain the votes of experts in the press industry. A pathological assessment of the industry in the country has been achieved and a desirable model has been developed for transforming the industry to face environmental change.
<strong>Methods:</strong> In this research, the qualitative method has been applied to respond to research propositions. In the Pathology section for the press industry, Delphi's methodology was used to collect the views of the experts. And Grounded Theory was used to develop different aspects of the governmental press environment. The statistical population of this research includes all experts in media and press industry.
<strong>Results:</strong> The findings, based on reviewing the experts' opinions in order to achieve a model of industry transformation propose two types of factors: 1) environmental factors including economic, political and legal-legislative factors; and 2) factors within the press industry including the audience, the human resources system and alternative competitors.
<strong>Conclusion: </strong>In order to achieve a model of industry transformation are one of the factors: 1) environmental factors including economic, political and legal-legal factors; 2) factors of the press industry including the audience, the human resources system and alternative competitors.<strong>Objective:</strong> This research has been conducted so as to use the Porter Five Competitive Model and to obtain the votes of experts in the press industry. A pathological assessment of the industry in the country has been achieved and a desirable model has been developed for transforming the industry to face environmental change.
<strong>Methods:</strong> In this research, the qualitative method has been applied to respond to research propositions. In the Pathology section for the press industry, Delphi's methodology was used to collect the views of the experts. And Grounded Theory was used to develop different aspects of the governmental press environment. The statistical population of this research includes all experts in media and press industry.
<strong>Results:</strong> The findings, based on reviewing the experts' opinions in order to achieve a model of industry transformation propose two types of factors: 1) environmental factors including economic, political and legal-legislative factors; and 2) factors within the press industry including the audience, the human resources system and alternative competitors.
<strong>Conclusion: </strong>In order to achieve a model of industry transformation are one of the factors: 1) environmental factors including economic, political and legal-legal factors; 2) factors of the press industry including the audience, the human resources system and alternative competitors.https://jipa.ut.ac.ir/article_67350_2c49a77c35ac40ae7e94e9bba6ca1fe2.pdfUnivrsity Of Tehran PressJournal of Public Administration2008-587710320180923Explaining Reasons and Factors of Job Embeddedness: Mixed ResearchExplaining Reasons and Factors of Job Embeddedness: Mixed Research4594806795310.22059/jipa.2018.264662.2351FAAhmadKhaniM.Sc., Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management and Economics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranJalilDelkhahAssistant Prof., Department of Management Studies and Technology Development Center, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-5633-5577Ahmad AliKhaef AlahiAssociate Prof., Department of Behavior Management, Faculty of Management and Economics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20180829<strong>Objectives:</strong> The purpose of this study is to identify the reasons and factors that will improve the survival of employees in the organization. In other words, we seek the answer to the question “why don’t people leave their jobs for another destination?” For this purpose, this study uses the concept of job embeddedness to examine the factors affecting the survival of employees.
<strong>Method:</strong> In this research, based on a qualitative approach to theme analysis, some semi-structured interviews were initially conducted with some of the managers and experts of the National Bank of Iran (mainly located in Tehran), and five themes (factors) of job embeddedness were extracted based on the coding of the data. Subsequently, a questionnaire was developed about these factors and their sub-components and distributed among 300 employees of the National Bank of Iran.
<strong>Results:</strong> Internal and external communication, separation anxiety, organization compatibility with the individual, comfort and relaxation of working with the organization, and satisfaction with the organization's current conditions are identified as the five factors affecting job embeddedness.
<strong>Conclusion:</strong> The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the five factors and the sub-components of job embeddedness (reasons for not leaving or staying in the organization), and Bonferroni test also described the convenience and relaxation of working with the organization as the most important aspect of job embeddedness.<strong>Objectives:</strong> The purpose of this study is to identify the reasons and factors that will improve the survival of employees in the organization. In other words, we seek the answer to the question “why don’t people leave their jobs for another destination?” For this purpose, this study uses the concept of job embeddedness to examine the factors affecting the survival of employees.
<strong>Method:</strong> In this research, based on a qualitative approach to theme analysis, some semi-structured interviews were initially conducted with some of the managers and experts of the National Bank of Iran (mainly located in Tehran), and five themes (factors) of job embeddedness were extracted based on the coding of the data. Subsequently, a questionnaire was developed about these factors and their sub-components and distributed among 300 employees of the National Bank of Iran.
<strong>Results:</strong> Internal and external communication, separation anxiety, organization compatibility with the individual, comfort and relaxation of working with the organization, and satisfaction with the organization's current conditions are identified as the five factors affecting job embeddedness.
<strong>Conclusion:</strong> The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the five factors and the sub-components of job embeddedness (reasons for not leaving or staying in the organization), and Bonferroni test also described the convenience and relaxation of working with the organization as the most important aspect of job embeddedness.https://jipa.ut.ac.ir/article_67953_92f49ada35450339f713ccaffc62bfd6.pdfUnivrsity Of Tehran PressJournal of Public Administration2008-587710320180923Investigating the Cognitive Theories of Career DevelopmentInvestigating the Cognitive Theories of Career Development4815026644310.22059/jipa.2018.259437.2286FASeyed Hamid RezaFatemi AghdaPhD Candidate, Department of Business Management, Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management, Faculty of Economics, Management and Accounting, Yazd University, Yazd, IranSeyed MohammadTabataba'i NasabAssociate Prof., Department of Business Management, Faculty of Economics, Management & Accounting, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran0000-0002-0611-9999MehdiSabokroAssistant Prof., Department of Business Management, Faculty of Economics, Management and Accounting, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran0000-0001-9837-6791Journal Article20180603<strong>Objective:</strong> There are several theories proposed on the career development and researchers have classified these theories in different categories. Career-related cognitive theory is one of the latest categories including two theories: social cognitive theory of career development and cognitive information processing. The current study seeks to compare these two cognitive theories of career development by identifying the criteria for comparison of theories.
<strong>Methods:</strong> The present study is a practical research from goal perspective, is an exploratory survey in nature and methodologically is categorized in the field of mixed research. To collect data, a sample of 20 academic experts and active managers in human resource management and career development were interviewed.
<strong>Results:</strong> To execute the research, 34 criteria were identified based on theoretical foundations and 12 criteria were agreed upon according to experts' opinions; finally, the two theories were compared using a fuzzy Delphi technique and those criteria.
<strong>Conclusion:</strong> The results showed that social cognition of career development theory mostly emphasizes on environment, future, and generalizability respectively, while cognitive information processing theory mainly emphasizes on the job, individual, process, and the organization.<strong>Objective:</strong> There are several theories proposed on the career development and researchers have classified these theories in different categories. Career-related cognitive theory is one of the latest categories including two theories: social cognitive theory of career development and cognitive information processing. The current study seeks to compare these two cognitive theories of career development by identifying the criteria for comparison of theories.
<strong>Methods:</strong> The present study is a practical research from goal perspective, is an exploratory survey in nature and methodologically is categorized in the field of mixed research. To collect data, a sample of 20 academic experts and active managers in human resource management and career development were interviewed.
<strong>Results:</strong> To execute the research, 34 criteria were identified based on theoretical foundations and 12 criteria were agreed upon according to experts' opinions; finally, the two theories were compared using a fuzzy Delphi technique and those criteria.
<strong>Conclusion:</strong> The results showed that social cognition of career development theory mostly emphasizes on environment, future, and generalizability respectively, while cognitive information processing theory mainly emphasizes on the job, individual, process, and the organization.https://jipa.ut.ac.ir/article_66443_546b8745c3dd46f43e8a15ca110e0a71.pdf